Dysmenorrhea is the medical term for painful menstrual cramps. It is a common problem in menstruating individuals and can range from mild discomfort to severe pain that affects daily functioning.
Types of dysmenorrhea
There are two types:
- Primary dysmenorrhea
- Occurs without underlying medical cause.
- Is caused by increased production of prostaglandins (substances that stimulate contractions of the uterus).
- Usually begins in the teenage years, shortly after the first menstruation.
- Pain usually occurs 1-2 days before or during menstruation and lasts for a few days.
- Secondary dysmenorrhea
- Is caused by an underlying condition, such as:
- Endometriosis (endometrium growing outside the uterus).
- Adenomyosis (ingrowth of endometrium into the uterine wall).
- Flesh trees (fibroids) or pelvic inflammatory disease.
- Often begins later in life and gets worse over time.
- The pain can also occur outside of menstruation.
Symptoms of dysmenorrhea
- Abdominal pain and cramps, especially in the lower abdomen
- Pain in the lower back and thighs
- Nausea and vomiting
- Headache or dizziness
- Diarrhea or constipation
- Fatigue
Treatment of dysmenorrhea
- Medication:
- NSAIDs such as ibuprofen and naproxen reduce prostaglandins and pain.
- Hormonal contraception (such as the pill or IUD) can help regulate menstruation and reduce pain.
- Lifestyle and natural remedies:
- Heat (such as a heat pad or hot water bottle) relaxes muscles.
- Exercise and light yoga can help with pain relief.
- Healthy foods with less sugar and caffeine can reduce inflammation.
- Relaxation techniques, such as breathing exercises or acupuncture, can provide relief.
If the pain is severe and does not improve with regular treatments, it is wise to consult a physician to investigate possible underlying causes.
