Endometriosis

Endometriosis is a chronic condition in which tissue similar to the endometrium (endometrium) grows outside the uterus. This can lead to inflammation, scar tissue and adhesions in the abdominal cavity. Endometriosis often occurs on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, the peritoneum and sometimes even on organs such as the bladder or intestines.

Symptoms of endometriosis

• Severe menstrual pain (which is worse than normal menstrual cramps)
• Chronic abdominal or pelvic pain, including outside menstruation
• Pain during or after sex
• Bowel and bladder problems, such as pain during urination or defecation
• Reduced fertility or difficulty getting pregnant
• Extreme fatigue

Causes and diagnosis

The exact cause of endometriosis is not yet fully known. Factors such as genetic predisposition, a disturbed immune system and hormonal fluctuations probably play a role. Diagnosis is usually made through a combination of symptoms, a gynecological examination, ultrasound and sometimes laparoscopy (keyhole surgery).

Treatment

There is no definitive cure, but treatments can reduce symptoms. Options include:

• Pain relief (such as NSAIDs)
• Hormonal therapy (such as the birth control pill or hormonal coil)
• Surgical intervention (in severe cases to remove endometriosis foci)
• Lifestyle modifications such as nutrition, exercise and stress management

Endometriosis can have a major impact on daily life. Early recognition and proper treatment can help reduce symptoms and improve quality of life.