PCOS

PCOS (Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome) is a hormonal disorder that affects the ovaries and menstrual cycle. It is one of the most common causes of fertility problems in women.

Characteristics of PCOS

PCOS is characterized by at least two of the following three criteria (Rotterdam criteria):

1. Irregular or no menstruation – Due to disrupted ovulation, the cycle is often longer than 35 days or no menstruation at all.
2. Increased male hormone (androgens) – This can lead to symptoms such as excessive hair growth (hirsutism), acne and hair loss.
3. Enlarged ovaries with multiple small follicles – On ultrasound, small fluid-filled vesicles (follicles) are often visible, but these are not true cysts.

Symptoms of PCOS

• Irregular or no menstruation
• Difficulty getting pregnant due to irregular ovulation or no ovulation
• Excessive hair growth (face, chest, abdomen)
• Hair loss or thinning head hair
• Acne and oily skin
• Weight gain, especially around the abdomen
• Insulin resistance and increased risk of type 2 diabetes
• Fatigue and mood swings

Causes of PCOS

The exact cause is not known, but it seems to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Insulin resistance often plays a major role, causing the ovaries to produce more male hormones (androgens) and interfering with ovulation.

Treatment of PCOS

There is no cure for PCOS, but the symptoms can be managed with:

• Lifestyle changes: Healthy diet and exercise help regulate insulin and hormones.
• Medication:
  • The birth control pill to regulate menstruation.
  • Metformin in insulin resistance.
  • Clomid or other ovulation-stimulating medication in childbearing.
• Hormonal therapies to reduce symptoms such as excessive hair growth and acne.

PCOS can have a major impact on health and fertility, but with the right approach, many women can get their symptoms under control and get pregnant if that is their desire.